Diagnosis of cervical cancer
Early detection of cervical cancer will increase the chances of successful treatment.
Because of this, doctors will recommend screening for cervical cancer, including:
Doctors recommend that women aged between 21 and 29 years be tested for Pap every 3 years. While in women aged 30 to 64 years, a combination of Pap tests and HPV DNA tests can be done every 5 years, or by doing each test separately every 3 years. For women aged 65 years and over, ask your doctor about the need for a Pap smear.
Patients suspected of having cervical cancer after screening will be asked to undergo colposcopy. Colposcopy is an examination to look for cervical cell abnormalities. Like cervical cancer screening, colposcopy is done by opening the vagina with a speculum. Then the doctor will use a small microscope with a lamp at the end (colposcope) to see the condition of the cervix.
If the doctor discovers abnormalities during a colonoscopy, cervical cell samples will be taken at a biopsy for later examination in the laboratory. A biopsy is performed starting with providing local anesthesia to the patient. Common biopsy methods are punch biopsy and cone biopsy.
Punch biopsy is done by taking cell samples from the surface of the cervix. While on a cone biopsy, the doctor will take a sample of cone-shaped tissue in an area that is usually the beginning of cancer cells. The area covers the outside of the cervix (exocervix), to the internal canal (endocervix).
Besides being used for the diagnosis of cancer cells, cone biopsy can also be used to treat cervical cancer in the early stages. Patients usually do not need additional treatment if all cancer cells are removed. Cone biopsy will not make a patient infertile. However, if the tissue removed is large enough, the patient can give birth prematurely during pregnancy.
Besides biopsy, cell harvesting can be done with endocervical curettage. The doctor will take cell samples from the laboratory in the narrow channel between the cervix and uterus. Like the biopsy technique, this procedure will cause the patient to experience abdominal pain, cramps, and bleeding.
After it has been confirmed that there is cancer in the cervix, the doctor will conduct a number of tests to determine the extent of the spread (stage) of the cancer, including:
- Vaginal swabs. This procedure involves opening the vagina using a special tool called a speculum or Cocorard duck, then taking a sample of cells from the cervix by eroding cervical tissue with a special brush. to check in the laboratory. With a Pap smear, the presence of abnormal cells that can develop into cancer can be detected.
- HPV DNA examination. Like a Pap smear, the doctor will use a speculum to open the vagina and take cell samples from the cervix to be examined in the laboratory. The difference is that the HPV DNA test is designed to detect the presence of an HPV virus that can trigger cervical cancer.
Doctors recommend that women aged between 21 and 29 years be tested for Pap every 3 years. While in women aged 30 to 64 years, a combination of Pap tests and HPV DNA tests can be done every 5 years, or by doing each test separately every 3 years. For women aged 65 years and over, ask your doctor about the need for a Pap smear.
Patients suspected of having cervical cancer after screening will be asked to undergo colposcopy. Colposcopy is an examination to look for cervical cell abnormalities. Like cervical cancer screening, colposcopy is done by opening the vagina with a speculum. Then the doctor will use a small microscope with a lamp at the end (colposcope) to see the condition of the cervix.
If the doctor discovers abnormalities during a colonoscopy, cervical cell samples will be taken at a biopsy for later examination in the laboratory. A biopsy is performed starting with providing local anesthesia to the patient. Common biopsy methods are punch biopsy and cone biopsy.
Punch biopsy is done by taking cell samples from the surface of the cervix. While on a cone biopsy, the doctor will take a sample of cone-shaped tissue in an area that is usually the beginning of cancer cells. The area covers the outside of the cervix (exocervix), to the internal canal (endocervix).
Besides being used for the diagnosis of cancer cells, cone biopsy can also be used to treat cervical cancer in the early stages. Patients usually do not need additional treatment if all cancer cells are removed. Cone biopsy will not make a patient infertile. However, if the tissue removed is large enough, the patient can give birth prematurely during pregnancy.
Besides biopsy, cell harvesting can be done with endocervical curettage. The doctor will take cell samples from the laboratory in the narrow channel between the cervix and uterus. Like the biopsy technique, this procedure will cause the patient to experience abdominal pain, cramps, and bleeding.
After it has been confirmed that there is cancer in the cervix, the doctor will conduct a number of tests to determine the extent of the spread (stage) of the cancer, including:
- Blood test. Blood tests are done to check the condition of other organs, such as the liver, kidneys and bone marrow.
- Cystoscopy During this examination procedure, the doctor inserts a small tube with a lamp into the bladder through the urethra. Before undergoing cystoscopy, patients will receive local or total anesthesia if necessary.
- Rectoscopy. Rectoscopy is an examination of the rectum or the extreme part of the large intestine that is connected to the anus. The doctor will insert a tube with a lamp into the anus to determine the possibility of cervical cancer spreading to the rectum.
- Imaging test. One possible X-ray is a chest X-ray to determine the possibility that the cancer has spread to the lungs. In addition, doctors can also do urinary tract x-ray (PIV) to determine whether the cancer is blocking the urinary tract. MRI, CT or computer tomography are also used to determine tumor size and to find out more precisely the level of cancer.
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