Kidney Cancer
Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that initially appears in the kidneys. Humans have two kidneys on both sides of the lower back, under the rib cage. Kidney is an organ of the body that filters impurities in the blood and removes them as urine. In addition, the kidneys also produce the hormone renin which regulates blood pressure and the hormone erythropoietin which is involved in the formation of red blood cells.
Causes of kidney cancer
The cause of kidney cancer is not known with certainty until now. However, doctors have detected that cancer begins when kidney DNA mutates. This mutation causes the growth of abnormal and uncontrolled kidney cells. Cell accumulation eventually forms tumors that can spread to all kidney organs or other parts of the body.
Several factors can increase the risk of kidney cancer, including:
Kidney cancer symptoms
Most kidney cancer sufferers are people aged 50 years and over. Initially, patients usually do not experience any symptoms. However, at an advanced stage, patients may experience the following symptoms:
Diagnosis of kidney cancer
In the first step in the diagnosis of kidney cancer, the doctor will ask a variety of questions, including asking questions about the symptoms experienced by the patient and conducting a physical examination to detect swelling or swelling.
The doctor will do another test to confirm the diagnosis. Some types of follow-up exams include:
With this follow-up examination, the doctor may be able to determine whether the symptoms experienced by the patient are symptoms of kidney cancer or not. If kidney cancer is diagnosed in a patient, the doctor will determine the stage of kidney cancer.
Treatment for kidney cancer
Kidney cancer treatment is based on the size or diameter of the cancer and its spread in the body. Some types of kidney cancer treatment include:
Surgery is the most common treatment method for patients with kidney cancer. There are 2 types of kidney cancer surgery, namely:
Surgical procedures for kidney cancer can be done in two ways, namely:
Ablation therapy. This therapy can be done in two ways, namely:
Ablation therapy has side effects, including bleeding around the kidneys and ureters,
namely the channel that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Embolization. This procedure involves injecting a special substance into the kidney's blood vessels through a catheter to block blood flow. When the supply of nutrients or oxygen in the kidneys is cut off, the tumor contracts slowly.
Radiotherapy. This treatment method uses radioactive energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy does not fully treat kidney cancer, but can reduce patient symptoms and slow the progression of cancer. This method is used if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as bone or brain. Radiation therapy has side effects, including:
Drug treatment This therapy is used to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells by giving medicines, including:
Sutinib. This drug works by inhibiting protein kinase, an enzyme that contributes to the growth of cancer cells, so that cancer development can be stopped. Sunitinib is available in capsule form.
Pazopanib. This drug works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that stimulates cancer cells, thus stopping the growth of cancer cells. Pazopanib is available as a tablet.
Sorafenib. This drug works to stop the growth of cancer cells by preventing cancer cells from forming blood vessels, which are needed for growth.
Everolimus. Both of these drugs work by inhibiting or disrupting the function of the MTOR protein contained in cancer cells, so that the number of cancer cells does not increase.
Prevention of kidney cancer
The best way to minimize the risk of kidney cancer is to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Steps that can be taken include:
The cause of kidney cancer is not known with certainty until now. However, doctors have detected that cancer begins when kidney DNA mutates. This mutation causes the growth of abnormal and uncontrolled kidney cells. Cell accumulation eventually forms tumors that can spread to all kidney organs or other parts of the body.
Several factors can increase the risk of kidney cancer, including:
- Smoke.
- Hypertension.
- Obesity.
- Have a family member with kidney cancer.
- Long-term side effects of dialysis.
- Work in an environment that causes exposure to certain substances, such as cadmium.
- Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, which is an inherited disorder that causes tumors and cysts to appear in many parts of the body.
Kidney cancer symptoms
Most kidney cancer sufferers are people aged 50 years and over. Initially, patients usually do not experience any symptoms. However, at an advanced stage, patients may experience the following symptoms:
- fever
- Sweat at night.
- Lack of blood (anemia).
- Hypertension.
- Weight loss
- Pain and swelling around the lower back and waist.
- Change the color of urine to reddish or brown because it is mixed with blood.
- Remove blood if the cancer has spread to the lungs.
- Bone pain if the cancer has spread to the bone.
- Swelling of blood vessels around the testes (occurs in humans).
- Swollen glands in the neck.
Diagnosis of kidney cancer
In the first step in the diagnosis of kidney cancer, the doctor will ask a variety of questions, including asking questions about the symptoms experienced by the patient and conducting a physical examination to detect swelling or swelling.
The doctor will do another test to confirm the diagnosis. Some types of follow-up exams include:
- Urine test. Detect infection or blood.
- Blood test. Check for signs of impaired kidney function.
- Ultrasonography (USG). The examination uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the patient's kidneys.
- Scanner. Computed tomography of the kidney and urinary tract is an imaging test that displays images of the kidney from various angles and wounds.
- An MRI imaging test that can produce detailed images of a patient's kidney.
- Biopsy. This procedure is done by inserting a needle to collect samples of kidney tissue that will be analyzed later in the laboratory.
With this follow-up examination, the doctor may be able to determine whether the symptoms experienced by the patient are symptoms of kidney cancer or not. If kidney cancer is diagnosed in a patient, the doctor will determine the stage of kidney cancer.
Treatment for kidney cancer
Kidney cancer treatment is based on the size or diameter of the cancer and its spread in the body. Some types of kidney cancer treatment include:
Surgery is the most common treatment method for patients with kidney cancer. There are 2 types of kidney cancer surgery, namely:
- Partial nephrectomy, which is a surgical procedure that removes parts of the kidney that turn into cancer cells. This procedure is usually done if the tumor diameter is less than 4 cm.
- Radical nephrectomy, which is a surgical procedure by removing all kidney organs contained in cancer cells. This procedure causes the patient to live his entire life with the kidneys.
Surgical procedures for kidney cancer can be done in two ways, namely:
- "Open" operation. Made by making a large incision in the abdomen or back.
- Laparoscopy. Performed using special equipment through a smaller incision, the size of a keyhole.
Ablation therapy. This therapy can be done in two ways, namely:
- Cryotherapy. This therapy destroys cancer cells by freezing it.
- Radio frequency ablation. This therapy destroys cancer cells by heating it.
Ablation therapy has side effects, including bleeding around the kidneys and ureters,
namely the channel that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Embolization. This procedure involves injecting a special substance into the kidney's blood vessels through a catheter to block blood flow. When the supply of nutrients or oxygen in the kidneys is cut off, the tumor contracts slowly.
Radiotherapy. This treatment method uses radioactive energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy does not fully treat kidney cancer, but can reduce patient symptoms and slow the progression of cancer. This method is used if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as bone or brain. Radiation therapy has side effects, including:
- If tired
- Diarrhea
- Reddish skin in the area affected by radiation.
Drug treatment This therapy is used to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells by giving medicines, including:
Sutinib. This drug works by inhibiting protein kinase, an enzyme that contributes to the growth of cancer cells, so that cancer development can be stopped. Sunitinib is available in capsule form.
Pazopanib. This drug works by inhibiting tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that stimulates cancer cells, thus stopping the growth of cancer cells. Pazopanib is available as a tablet.
Sorafenib. This drug works to stop the growth of cancer cells by preventing cancer cells from forming blood vessels, which are needed for growth.
Everolimus. Both of these drugs work by inhibiting or disrupting the function of the MTOR protein contained in cancer cells, so that the number of cancer cells does not increase.
Prevention of kidney cancer
The best way to minimize the risk of kidney cancer is to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Steps that can be taken include:
- Quit smoking.
- Always maintain blood pressure.
- Maintain ideal body weight to avoid obesity by increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, and exercising regularly every day.
- Use personal protective equipment in the work environment that may be exposed to hazardous materials.
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