Uremic Hemolytic Syndrome
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a condition characterized by damage to red blood cells and a decrease in the number of blood clotting cells or platelets. This reaction is usually caused by the immune system's reaction to toxins released during digestive tract infections, so that red blood cells and platelets are damaged prematurely.
The organs most affected by hemolytic uremic syndrome are the kidneys and brain. Kidney problems occur when the immune system directly damages kidney cells and causes kidney failure. Kidney failure can also occur when damaged red blood cells in this uremic hemolytic syndrome block the kidney channels. As a result, the kidneys fail to clean up the body's waste or waste that has accumulated in the blood. While blood vessel disorders in the brain can cause patients to feel confused, sleepy or even seizures.
Uremic hemolytic syndrome can be experienced by adults and children. In children, USD is usually associated with gastrointestinal infections. While in adults, HUS can also occur due to factors not related to intestinal infections. Most cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome can be cured if treated as soon as possible.
Symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome
Symptoms that can occur due to hemolytic uremic syndrome include:
Causes and Risk Factors for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Uremic hemolytic syndrome usually occurs in the digestive tract due to infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli). Hundreds of E. coli bacteria are present in the human or animal body and are harmless. Gastrointestinal infections are usually caused by E. coli bacteria that produce E. coli producing toxin shiga, or STEC, one of which is O157: H7. These bacteria can be found in contaminated products or food products or in water that is contaminated with patient feces. Aside from E. Coli, HUS can also be caused by other bacteria, including Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella thyphi.
Uremic hemolytic syndrome is more common in children under 5 years or over 75 years, in those who have certain genetic changes, in those who consume food or drinks that are contaminated with bacteria or who come in direct contact with diarrhea sufferers caused by bacteria.
In addition to bacterial infections, uremic hemolytic syndrome can also be caused by factors not related to bacteria. Cases like this usually occur in adults, for example because:
A thorough physical examination is a guide to confirm the diagnosis. Physical examination must be integrated with additional examinations including:
Treatment of uremic hemolytic syndrome
Uremic hemolytic syndrome requires treatment in hospital, because treatment must be immediately applied to relieve symptoms and prevent further organ damage. Treatment is usually done intravenously or infused, which includes:
In addition to the above treatments, drug administration can also help prevent other organic lesions. Medications that can be given include:
Most people with hemolytic uremic syndrome undergo scarring without permanent damage to the kidneys.
Complications of uremic hemolytic syndrome
Uremic hemolytic syndrome carries the risk of life-threatening complications. This complication can:
Uremic hemolytic syndrome can be experienced by adults and children. In children, USD is usually associated with gastrointestinal infections. While in adults, HUS can also occur due to factors not related to intestinal infections. Most cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome can be cured if treated as soon as possible.
Symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome
Symptoms that can occur due to hemolytic uremic syndrome include:
- Stomach ache.
- Gag.
- fever
- Convulsions.
- Diarrhea with stool
- Fatigue and anxiety
- Hypertension.
- Urine with blood.
- Reduce the amount of urine that comes out.
- Swelling of hands, feet, and face.
- Pale skin.
Causes and Risk Factors for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Uremic hemolytic syndrome usually occurs in the digestive tract due to infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli). Hundreds of E. coli bacteria are present in the human or animal body and are harmless. Gastrointestinal infections are usually caused by E. coli bacteria that produce E. coli producing toxin shiga, or STEC, one of which is O157: H7. These bacteria can be found in contaminated products or food products or in water that is contaminated with patient feces. Aside from E. Coli, HUS can also be caused by other bacteria, including Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella thyphi.
Uremic hemolytic syndrome is more common in children under 5 years or over 75 years, in those who have certain genetic changes, in those who consume food or drinks that are contaminated with bacteria or who come in direct contact with diarrhea sufferers caused by bacteria.
In addition to bacterial infections, uremic hemolytic syndrome can also be caused by factors not related to bacteria. Cases like this usually occur in adults, for example because:
- HIV / AIDS.
- Take certain medications, such as immunosuppressants, antiplatelet drugs, cyclosporine or chemotherapy drugs.
- Pregnancy
- Glomerulonephritis and lupus.
- Cancer.
A thorough physical examination is a guide to confirm the diagnosis. Physical examination must be integrated with additional examinations including:
- Examination of stool samples. The purpose of this test is to detect the presence of E. coli or other bacteria as a suspected cause of uremic hemalytic syndrome.
- Blood test. This is done to look for signs of red blood cell damage. In this disorder, platelet and red blood cell counts and creatinine levels above normal are usually obtained.
- Urine test. This test is done to detect abnormal protein or blood levels in the urine, as well as signs of infection.
- Kidney biopsy. If necessary, biopsy and examination of kidney tissue samples can be done to determine whether the patient has hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Treatment of uremic hemolytic syndrome
Uremic hemolytic syndrome requires treatment in hospital, because treatment must be immediately applied to relieve symptoms and prevent further organ damage. Treatment is usually done intravenously or infused, which includes:
- Red blood cell transfusion. Red blood cell transfusion is needed because people with hemolytic uremic syndrome have low red blood cell counts. This transfusion can also relieve fatigue and shortness of breath due to the small amount of red blood.
- Platelet transfusion. This transfusion is especially needed for patients who bleed easily or die. The aim is to restore normal blood clotting conditions so that bleeding can stop.
- Increase fluid consumption. Uremic hemolytic syndrome causes significant loss of fluid and electrolytes. Therefore, the liquid must be given intravenously.
- Plasma replacement. Replacement involves screening blood and replacing the patient's blood plasma with donor plasma.
- Kidney dialysis. Kidney function can decrease when a person suffers from uremic hemolytic syndrome. Therefore, dialysis must be done so that the kidneys can continue their function, especially to filter waste or body fluids left in the blood.
In addition to the above treatments, drug administration can also help prevent other organic lesions. Medications that can be given include:
- Hypotension Medication. This drug is used to prevent further kidney damage. Antihypertensive administration must be combined with examination of kidney problems every year for five years.
- Eculizumab. This drug is useful for preventing further damage to healthy cells. Before administration, vaccination is needed to prevent meningitis infection.
Most people with hemolytic uremic syndrome undergo scarring without permanent damage to the kidneys.
Complications of uremic hemolytic syndrome
Uremic hemolytic syndrome carries the risk of life-threatening complications. This complication can:
- AVC
- Hypertension or high blood pressure.
- Acute kidney failure or chronic kidney failure.
- Coma.
- Heart disease
- colitis
- pancreatitisDiagnosis of uremic hemolytic syndrome
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