Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is a condition that is characterized by abnormal growth of bladder cells that are not controlled, forming cancer cells.
If cancer cells continue to grow, they can spread to the tissues around the bladder or to other organs that are farther away such as the liver, bones, and lungs.
The bladder is an organ that functions to collect urine before it is removed from the body. Urine is produced by the kidneys and sent to the bladder through a connecting channel called the ureter. During the urination process, the bladder muscles contract and push urine through a channel called the urethra.
The type and treatment of bladder cancer is determined by the cells in which the cancer develops. The following types of bladder cancer are distinguished by the type of cell where the cancer develops.
Bladder cancer is caused by changes in the structure of DNA (mutations) in bladder cells. This mutation causes abnormal growth of bladder cells and the formation of cancer cells. However, it is not yet known what causes changes in bladder cells.
Experts suspect that cellular changes in the bladder are related to exposure to certain chemicals, such as carcinogens found in cigarettes. The bladder of someone who smokes will be exposed to carcinogens continuously. Exposure can trigger mutations in bladder cells, which leads to a risk of bladder cancer. It is important to know that people who smoke 4 times more than people who don't smoke are at risk of developing bladder cancer.
Apart from cigarettes, bladder cancer can also be caused by exposure to industrial chemicals such as 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, xenylamine, O-toluidine, aniline, and 2-naphthylamine dyes used in making bladder cancer. manufacturing leather, rubber, textile and paint. Arsenic is another chemical that is thought to trigger the growth of bladder cancer cells.
Besides cigarettes and industrial chemicals, other risk factors that can cause bladder cancer are:
Generally, a person with bladder cancer has problems urinating, such as blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urination (BAK), sudden desire to urinate, and pain in the urine. urination.
Bladder cancer can develop and spread to other parts of the body. At this point, the symptoms include:
Remember that blood in the urine does not always mean symptoms of bladder cancer, but it may also be due to cystitis. Kidney infection, enlarged prostate, kidney stones, and urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) can also cause blood to form in the urine. It is important to consult a doctor if you detect blood in the urine to find out the exact cause.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer
After asking questions about the patient's symptoms and doing a physical examination, including a digital rectal examination or vaginal plug (for women) to feel the possible size, your doctor will suggest a number of tests for you. diagnose bladder cancer, such as:
After the patient is determined to have bladder cancer, the doctor will also determine the stage to determine the patient's treatment and healing. Bladder cancer is divided into 5 stages, from stage 0 to stage 4, with the following explanation:
Treatment of patients with bladder cancer depends on the type of cancer, stage, age and general state of health of the patient.
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors (TURBT)
TURBT is a general surgical procedure performed to treat bladder cancer in the early stages. This procedure inserts an instrument called a resectoscope into the bladder through the urethra. Resoscope is equipped with a special wire to remove tumor cells. If the cancerous tissue is still in the patient's bladder after removal of the tumor, the doctor will use a laser to destroy the cancer.
This procedure is done by first providing anesthesia to the patient under local or general anesthesia. After the TURBT procedure is complete, doctors insert chemotherapy drugs into the patient's bladder to destroy the remaining cancer cells and prevent the tumor from regenerating.
cystectomy
Cystectomy is a surgical procedure that removes part or all of the bladder. During a partial cystectomy, the doctor removes only a portion of the bladder that contains cancer cells. A partial cystectomy is performed if the cancer affects only a portion of the bladder and can be removed without jeopardizing the function of the bladder.
In the case of radical cystectomy, the doctor removes the entire bladder, part of the ureter and surrounding lymph nodes. In male patients, radical cystectomy involves removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles, while in women it involves removal of the uterus, ovaries and part of the vagina. This procedure is done by making an incision in the lower abdominal wall. Radical cystectomy procedures can cause erectile dysfunction in men, as well as early menopause and infertility in women. Radical cystectomy procedures can also pose a risk of infection and bleeding.
In patients undergoing radical cystectomy, the doctor will make a new bladder by taking tissue from the intestine. As a general rule, the new bladder allows patients to urinate normally. In some cases, patients with new bladder have difficulty emptying their urine and may require a periodic catheter to remove all urine from the new bladder.
Intravesical therapy
This therapy is generally applied to cancer in the early stages. The doctor will insert the medicine directly into the bladder. Medications include:
radiotherapy
Patients can undergo radiation therapy 5 days a week for several weeks. This treatment is generally recommended in a number of conditions, such as:
Prevention of bladder cancer
Although there is no proven way to prevent bladder cancer, it is possible to reduce the risk factors for this disease by adopting a healthy lifestyle, including:
If cancer cells continue to grow, they can spread to the tissues around the bladder or to other organs that are farther away such as the liver, bones, and lungs.
The type and treatment of bladder cancer is determined by the cells in which the cancer develops. The following types of bladder cancer are distinguished by the type of cell where the cancer develops.
- Urethral carcinoma. This type is the most common in bladder cancer. This cancer develops in urothelial cells, which are the lining of the bladder cells.
- Squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of bladder cancer that also develops in urothelial cells of squamous cells. Bladder KSS is associated with continuous bladder irritation, such as long-term use of a urinary catheter or bladder infection.
- Adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer develops in cells that form mucous-producing glands in the bladder. Cancer cells form after the bladder often gets inflamed.
Bladder cancer is caused by changes in the structure of DNA (mutations) in bladder cells. This mutation causes abnormal growth of bladder cells and the formation of cancer cells. However, it is not yet known what causes changes in bladder cells.
Experts suspect that cellular changes in the bladder are related to exposure to certain chemicals, such as carcinogens found in cigarettes. The bladder of someone who smokes will be exposed to carcinogens continuously. Exposure can trigger mutations in bladder cells, which leads to a risk of bladder cancer. It is important to know that people who smoke 4 times more than people who don't smoke are at risk of developing bladder cancer.
Apart from cigarettes, bladder cancer can also be caused by exposure to industrial chemicals such as 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, xenylamine, O-toluidine, aniline, and 2-naphthylamine dyes used in making bladder cancer. manufacturing leather, rubber, textile and paint. Arsenic is another chemical that is thought to trigger the growth of bladder cancer cells.
Besides cigarettes and industrial chemicals, other risk factors that can cause bladder cancer are:
- Male sex.
- Menopausal women are too early (under 40 years).
- Have undergone radiotherapy in the pelvic area or near the bladder, for example for the treatment of colon cancer.
- Has undergone chemotherapy with the drug cisplatin or cyclophosphamide.
- Suffering from urinary tract infections and chronic bladder stones.
- Long-term use of urinary catheters.
- With untreated schistosomiasis.
- Has undergone prostate surgery.
- Suffered from type 2 diabetes.
- There is a family history of cancer.
Generally, a person with bladder cancer has problems urinating, such as blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urination (BAK), sudden desire to urinate, and pain in the urine. urination.
Bladder cancer can develop and spread to other parts of the body. At this point, the symptoms include:
- Pelvic pain.
- Loss of appetite and weight loss.
- Swelling in the legs.
- Bone pain.
Remember that blood in the urine does not always mean symptoms of bladder cancer, but it may also be due to cystitis. Kidney infection, enlarged prostate, kidney stones, and urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) can also cause blood to form in the urine. It is important to consult a doctor if you detect blood in the urine to find out the exact cause.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer
After asking questions about the patient's symptoms and doing a physical examination, including a digital rectal examination or vaginal plug (for women) to feel the possible size, your doctor will suggest a number of tests for you. diagnose bladder cancer, such as:
- Urine test. The patient's urine will be examined to determine his health condition.
- Imaging Radiological examination of the urinary tract with contrast media (BNO-IVP) or CT scan of the urinary tract (urography) can be done to view the bladder image.
- Cystoscopy This procedure includes a small tube equipped with a camera to see the condition of the bladder.
- Biopsy. The doctor will take tissue samples from the bladder to check whether the cells turn into cancer.
After the patient is determined to have bladder cancer, the doctor will also determine the stage to determine the patient's treatment and healing. Bladder cancer is divided into 5 stages, from stage 0 to stage 4, with the following explanation:
- Stage 0. Cancer has not spread beyond the lining of the bladder.
- Stage I. Cancer has spread beyond the lining of the bladder, but has not yet reached the muscular layer of the bladder.
- Step II The cancer has spread to the muscular layer of the bladder.
- Step III The cancer has spread to the tissues around the bladder.
- Step IV The cancer has spread to other organs besides the bladder.
Treatment of patients with bladder cancer depends on the type of cancer, stage, age and general state of health of the patient.
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors (TURBT)
TURBT is a general surgical procedure performed to treat bladder cancer in the early stages. This procedure inserts an instrument called a resectoscope into the bladder through the urethra. Resoscope is equipped with a special wire to remove tumor cells. If the cancerous tissue is still in the patient's bladder after removal of the tumor, the doctor will use a laser to destroy the cancer.
This procedure is done by first providing anesthesia to the patient under local or general anesthesia. After the TURBT procedure is complete, doctors insert chemotherapy drugs into the patient's bladder to destroy the remaining cancer cells and prevent the tumor from regenerating.
cystectomy
Cystectomy is a surgical procedure that removes part or all of the bladder. During a partial cystectomy, the doctor removes only a portion of the bladder that contains cancer cells. A partial cystectomy is performed if the cancer affects only a portion of the bladder and can be removed without jeopardizing the function of the bladder.
In the case of radical cystectomy, the doctor removes the entire bladder, part of the ureter and surrounding lymph nodes. In male patients, radical cystectomy involves removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles, while in women it involves removal of the uterus, ovaries and part of the vagina. This procedure is done by making an incision in the lower abdominal wall. Radical cystectomy procedures can cause erectile dysfunction in men, as well as early menopause and infertility in women. Radical cystectomy procedures can also pose a risk of infection and bleeding.
In patients undergoing radical cystectomy, the doctor will make a new bladder by taking tissue from the intestine. As a general rule, the new bladder allows patients to urinate normally. In some cases, patients with new bladder have difficulty emptying their urine and may require a periodic catheter to remove all urine from the new bladder.
Intravesical therapy
This therapy is generally applied to cancer in the early stages. The doctor will insert the medicine directly into the bladder. Medications include:
- Immunotherapy. The doctor will pull the body's cells against cancer into the bladder by inserting the bacterium Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) into the bladder using a catheter. This therapy can begin several weeks after the patient experiences TURBT.
- Intravesical Chemotherapy. This procedure is done by inserting drugs to fight cancer cells in the bladder through the catheter. Chemotherapy can also be done by injecting blood vessels for the following stages, when cancer cells have spread out of the bladder.
radiotherapy
Patients can undergo radiation therapy 5 days a week for several weeks. This treatment is generally recommended in a number of conditions, such as:
- Early bladder cancer.
- Patients with early stage bladder cancer who cannot undergo any surgery.
- Advanced therapy after TURBT or partial cystectomy.
- As a prevention or treatment of symptoms of advanced bladder cancer.
Prevention of bladder cancer
Although there is no proven way to prevent bladder cancer, it is possible to reduce the risk factors for this disease by adopting a healthy lifestyle, including:
- Quit smoking. Consult with your doctor and follow all methods to stop smoking, so that carcinogens do not accumulate in the body.
- Avoid exposure to chemicals. Follow safety procedures and use personal protective equipment to avoid exposure to chemicals in the work environment.
- Eat lots of fruits and vegetables. The content of antioxidants in fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of cancer.
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