Rhabdomyosarcome
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer that develops from skeletal muscle that can be regulated by movement. Skeletal muscles are not only located in the arms and legs, but also in the head and neck, bladder, chest and stomach. The whole place is where rhabdomyosarcoma usually develops.
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare type of cancer. There are several types of rhabdomyosarcoma, including:
Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms can occur depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the cancer experienced by the patient.
Some symptoms that may appear in certain areas of the body are:
Causes of rhabdomyosarcoma
Until now, the exact cause of rhabdomyosarcoma is unknown. Like other cancers, rhabdomyosarcoma is caused by abnormal cell growth. Factors that can increase the risk of developing rhabdomyosarcoma include:
To ensure rhabdomyosarcoma, the doctor will conduct a series of tests. A series of tests include a complete blood test, which includes anemia-determining blood cell counts, liver function tests and lactate dehydrogenase, which show improvement. Blood tests to check kidney function and urine tests will be done if you urinate bleeding.
In addition to blood and urine tests, imaging can also be done to determine the location of the tumor and see its spread. The examination can be in the form of X-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasounds, bone scans, and PET scans. But imaging studies cannot confirm the type of tumor. This type of tumor can only be identified by examination of tissue samples examined under a microscope (biopsy).
Sometimes it is also necessary to examine the aspirations (aspirations) of bone marrow blood to see its spread.
In patients diagnosed with rhabdomysarcoma, the doctor will determine the stage to determine the treatment actions to be taken. Cancer cell stage is divided into four stages or stages, namely:
Treatment of rhabdomysarcoma cases can be done according to the tissue from which the cancer develops and the stage of rhabdomyosarcoma itself. Possible treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
operation
Surgery is performed on tumors that can still be removed. The purpose of this action is to remove the main tumor and surrounding tissue so that it is free of cancer cells. If the tumor is too large or difficult to remove, surgery may be delayed and preceded by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
chemotherapy
Chemotherapy aims to reduce tumor size before surgery and reduce the risk of recurrent cancer after surgery. In chemotherapy, drugs used to treat rhabdomysarcoma are vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide.
radiotherapy
In addition to chemotherapy, radiation therapy can also be used to kill cancer cells that cannot be removed. Radiation therapy is usually associated with chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is usually given 5 days a week for several weeks. The duration of each session is around 15 to 30 minutes.
- Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma, which is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma and affects the muscles of the head, neck, urinary tract and genitals. Although its development is relatively fast, in general it can provide good results with treatment. Patients with embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma are children aged 6 years and under.
- Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a type of rhabdomyosarcoma that is more commonly seen in adolescents, infects the muscles of the arms, legs, chest, or abdomen. This condition requires more intensive treatment because tumors develop faster than embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma types.
- The pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, which is a type of rhabdomyosarcoma that is more common in adults and affects the muscles of the arms and legs.
Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms can occur depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the cancer experienced by the patient.
Some symptoms that may appear in certain areas of the body are:
- Muscle tumors of the neck, chest, back, arms, legs, and groin (including testicles) - symptoms of a lump sometimes cause pain and reddish color.
- Tumors around the eye muscles - cause eye swelling, look like wrinkled eyes and also affect vision.
- Gastric tumors - symptoms of vomiting, abdominal pain and changes in intestinal structure.
- Bladder, vaginal or prostate tumors - symptoms in the form of blood in the urine or bleeding in the vagina. Very large tumors can cause difficulty urinating or defecating.
- Ear and nose tumors - symptoms of earache, nasal congestion, nosebleeds and bleeding from the ears.
Causes of rhabdomyosarcoma
Until now, the exact cause of rhabdomyosarcoma is unknown. Like other cancers, rhabdomyosarcoma is caused by abnormal cell growth. Factors that can increase the risk of developing rhabdomyosarcoma include:
- Genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Costello syndrome and Noonan syndrome.
- Radiation exposure in the womb.
- Use marijuana and cocaine during pregnancy.
- Alcohol dependence during pregnancy.
To ensure rhabdomyosarcoma, the doctor will conduct a series of tests. A series of tests include a complete blood test, which includes anemia-determining blood cell counts, liver function tests and lactate dehydrogenase, which show improvement. Blood tests to check kidney function and urine tests will be done if you urinate bleeding.
In addition to blood and urine tests, imaging can also be done to determine the location of the tumor and see its spread. The examination can be in the form of X-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasounds, bone scans, and PET scans. But imaging studies cannot confirm the type of tumor. This type of tumor can only be identified by examination of tissue samples examined under a microscope (biopsy).
Sometimes it is also necessary to examine the aspirations (aspirations) of bone marrow blood to see its spread.
In patients diagnosed with rhabdomysarcoma, the doctor will determine the stage to determine the treatment actions to be taken. Cancer cell stage is divided into four stages or stages, namely:
- Stage 1. In this situation, tumors containing cancer cells develop in the muscles around the eyes, coconut and neck (except near the brain wall), urinary tract and genital tract (except the bladder and prostate) and bile ducts. Tumors can invade lymph nodes and the surrounding area, but have not spread far. Tumor size also varies.
- Stage 2. Cancer cells that begin in the bladder and prostate muscles, arms and legs, muscles near the brain wall and muscles other than those mentioned in stage 1. Tumors have a maximum size of 5 cm and do not spread to other areas, including lymph nodes. and surrounding.
- Stage 3. Tumors that are identical to stage 2 may have a maximum size of 5 cm but have spread to nearby lymph nodes or more than 5 cm in size. The tumor does not spread further.
- Stage 4. At this stage, there has been metastasis or spread of cancer cells to other organs, such as the lungs, liver, bone or bone marrow.
Treatment of rhabdomysarcoma cases can be done according to the tissue from which the cancer develops and the stage of rhabdomyosarcoma itself. Possible treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
operation
Surgery is performed on tumors that can still be removed. The purpose of this action is to remove the main tumor and surrounding tissue so that it is free of cancer cells. If the tumor is too large or difficult to remove, surgery may be delayed and preceded by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
chemotherapy
Chemotherapy aims to reduce tumor size before surgery and reduce the risk of recurrent cancer after surgery. In chemotherapy, drugs used to treat rhabdomysarcoma are vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide.
radiotherapy
In addition to chemotherapy, radiation therapy can also be used to kill cancer cells that cannot be removed. Radiation therapy is usually associated with chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is usually given 5 days a week for several weeks. The duration of each session is around 15 to 30 minutes.
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