Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of blood cancer. This disease occurs when immature white blood cells (lymphoblasts) multiply rapidly and aggressively.
This disease is caused by an error in the process of producing white blood cells in the bone marrow. White blood cells are formed from the process of maturation of stem cells (stem cells). To form one type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte, the stem cell becomes the first lymphoblastic.
In patients with LLA disease, {working | implementation | work | progress} this maturation is disrupted, where {some} large lymphoblasts {don't} turn into lymphocytes. {As a result | Finally | The result | The ending | As a result}, lymphoblasts {are increasingly numerous and fill the bone marrow, {until} then exit the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia more {often | often | not infrequently | often | often} occurs in {little one | baby} - {little one | baby}, {whereas | although | although | although} adults are also { can} get this disease. {If | If | If | If | If | If | it happened to an adult, LLA would be more difficult to cure. {Because} is aggressive (growth {rapid | fast}), acute lymphoblastic leukemia needs to be {direct | then | instantaneously} handled by an oncologist.
Symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia will experience symptoms {impact | effect | impact} lack of mature blood cells. Symptoms that occur include:
In {some} cases, LLA also {can} {cause} nerve disorders {impact | impact | impact} lymphoblasts that accumulate in the brain and {nerves} of the spine. Symptoms of a {nerve} disorder can be:
{Immediately | Then | Immediately} go to a doctor, {if | if | if | if | if | if} you experience symptoms that might {describe | prove} acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is caused by changes or mutations of {genetic | genetic} stem cells in the bone marrow, so that {workmanship | workmanship | progression} maturation is disrupted. {Unless} disrupting {execution | execution | workings | progress} maturation of stem cells from lymphoblasts to lymphocytes, mutations {genetic | genetic} {such things} cause lymphoblasts to continue to multiply so that they interfere with the production of other blood cells.
The cause of the gene mutation {such thing} is not yet {known} with {light}, {but | but | but} there are {some} things that are suspected {could} increase the likelihood of this change, including:
From the symptoms suffered, the doctor will conduct a physical examination to find out the cause of the complaint. If you suspect acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the cause, the doctor will carry out further tests in the form of:
Other tests, such as scanning (X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan) and lymph node biopsy, are rarely performed. This examination is carried out if the doctor suspects the complaints experienced by the patient are caused by other diseases, such as lymphoma.
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
The main treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is chemotherapy, which will be given in several phases, namely:
Other therapies that can be undertaken by patients to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia are:
The cure rate of this disease is influenced by various factors. LLA in children is generally easier to cure than LLA in adults. Besides age, other factors that affect the cure rate of LLA patients are the type of LLA, the number of white blood cells, and the spread of cancer cells in the body.
Complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Some of the complications that can arise from acute lymphoblastic leukemia are:
Prevention of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be prevented by avoiding the risk factors for this disease. Some precautions that can be taken are:
This disease is caused by an error in the process of producing white blood cells in the bone marrow. White blood cells are formed from the process of maturation of stem cells (stem cells). To form one type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte, the stem cell becomes the first lymphoblastic.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia more {often | often | not infrequently | often | often} occurs in {little one | baby} - {little one | baby}, {whereas | although | although | although} adults are also { can} get this disease. {If | If | If | If | If | If | it happened to an adult, LLA would be more difficult to cure. {Because} is aggressive (growth {rapid | fast}), acute lymphoblastic leukemia needs to be {direct | then | instantaneously} handled by an oncologist.
Symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia will experience symptoms {impact | effect | impact} lack of mature blood cells. Symptoms that occur include:
- Gums are {easy} bleeding, skin {easy} bruises, or {often | often | not infrequently | often | often} nosebleeds.
- Vulnerable to infection, which is marked by {often | often | often | often | often}
- Pale, weak, and tightness {breath} {impact | effect | impact} anemia.
- Symptoms of {such things} {appeared} {impact | effect | impact} reduction in the number of {all | all} blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) mature, {cause} bone marrow {only} {controlled | controlled | regulated | held | restricted} by lymphoblasts. Other symptoms that {can be} {enjoyed} sufferers of acute lymphoblastic leukemia {are | are | namely | that is}:
- Joint and bone pain.
- {Arises} lumps in the neck, armpits, or groin {impact | influence | impact} swollen lymph glands {clear}.
- Stomach feels {satiety | bloating | fullness} {impact | effect | impact} enlargement of liver and spleen.
- Enlarged testicles.
In {some} cases, LLA also {can} {cause} nerve disorders {impact | impact | impact} lymphoblasts that accumulate in the brain and {nerves} of the spine. Symptoms of a {nerve} disorder can be:
- Headache
- Dizzy
- Gag
- View {escape}
- Convulsions
{Immediately | Then | Immediately} go to a doctor, {if | if | if | if | if | if} you experience symptoms that might {describe | prove} acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is caused by changes or mutations of {genetic | genetic} stem cells in the bone marrow, so that {workmanship | workmanship | progression} maturation is disrupted. {Unless} disrupting {execution | execution | workings | progress} maturation of stem cells from lymphoblasts to lymphocytes, mutations {genetic | genetic} {such things} cause lymphoblasts to continue to multiply so that they interfere with the production of other blood cells.
The cause of the gene mutation {such thing} is not yet {known} with {light}, {but | but | but} there are {some} things that are suspected {could} increase the likelihood of this change, including:
- Suffered from another {genetic | genetic} disorder. Suffering from certain {genetic | genetic} abnormalities, {such as | for example | for example | for example} Down syndrome, is suspected of {making} someone at risk of experiencing LLA.
- {Have} {member} families who suffer from LLA. Someone who {has} {member} a family of LLA sufferers is at risk of suffering from LLA as well. {Whereas | Though | Even though | Even so}, don't be misinterpreted that LLA {passed down} genetically | genetically} from parents {towards} {their little ones | their babies}.
- Have had cancer treatment. Someone who has had other types of cancer with different types and underwent treatment, {good} chemotherapy or radiotherapy, is more at risk of developing
- Exposed to radiation. People who are exposed to radiation are more at risk of developing LLA. {For example | Like | For example | For example} workers in nuclear reactors or victims of {calamities | disasters} nuclear.
- {Smoking | smoking}. Exposure to {various | various | various | various | various | various} chemicals {harmful} from cigarette smoke, {such as | for example | for example | for example} benzene, {makes} a smoker more at risk of suffering from LLA.
- {Profession} in environments exposed to chemicals. {Not} {imitating | imitating} standard procedures and {not} {applying | wearing | applying} personal protective equipment {when | when} when working {in the field} in an environment that is {related | related} to chemicals {can} increase the risk of being affected
- Virus infection. The Epstein-Barr virus {is | is | that is | ie} one of the viruses which is at risk of causing LLA.
- {Method | How to} weak immune. Someone with weak immune methods, such as for example, for example, the effects of AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs in a long range, are more at risk of developing LLA than others
From the symptoms suffered, the doctor will conduct a physical examination to find out the cause of the complaint. If you suspect acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the cause, the doctor will carry out further tests in the form of:
- Blood test. Complete blood count examination will show changes in the number of white blood cells (can increase or decrease), as well as abnormalities in the type of white blood cells. In addition, the number of red blood cells and platelets will be low.
- Bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow aspiration is done to take blood and tissue samples in the patient's bone marrow, which is the bone around the buttocks. This sample will be examined under a microscope to see the shape of blood cells and changes in bone marrow tissue.
- Lumbar puncture. Lumbar puncture is done by taking samples of cerebrospinal fluid and nerves, from between the spine. Brain fluid samples will be examined to see whether cancer cells have spread to the brain and nerve bones
- Genetic testing. Genetic testing uses samples taken during bone marrow aspiration. The aim is to see the gene mutations that occur.
Other tests, such as scanning (X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan) and lymph node biopsy, are rarely performed. This examination is carried out if the doctor suspects the complaints experienced by the patient are caused by other diseases, such as lymphoma.
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
The main treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is chemotherapy, which will be given in several phases, namely:
- Induction phase
- This therapeutic phase aims to kill cancer cells in the body, especially in the blood and bone marrow.
- Consolidation phase
- This phase of therapy aims to kill the remaining cancer cells after induction therapy.
- Maintenance phase
- This phase of therapy is done to prevent cancer cells from growing back.
- Additional therapy for the central nervous system
- This therapy is specifically given to patients whose cancer cells have spread to the central nervous system.
Other therapies that can be undertaken by patients to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia are:
- Bone marrow transplantation
- Bone marrow transplantation is done by replacing the patient's bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor.
- Radiotherapy
- Radiotherapy is done by firing special rays into the area. The goal is to kill cancer cells that have spread to the brain or spinal cord.
- Targeted therapy
- This therapy is done by giving drugs according to the gene mutation that is experienced.
The cure rate of this disease is influenced by various factors. LLA in children is generally easier to cure than LLA in adults. Besides age, other factors that affect the cure rate of LLA patients are the type of LLA, the number of white blood cells, and the spread of cancer cells in the body.
Complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Some of the complications that can arise from acute lymphoblastic leukemia are:
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Infertility
Prevention of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be prevented by avoiding the risk factors for this disease. Some precautions that can be taken are:
- Quit smoking.
- Follow standard procedures and wear personal protective equipment when working in a chemical-filled environment.
- Practicing safe intercourse, using condoms and not changing partners, to prevent HIV infection which can increase the risk of developing
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